CARRYING CHILDREN SAFELY IN CARS
Recommended Ages
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REAR-FACING
Up to 4 years - It is safest to stay rear-facing as long as they fit and as long as you can. Until they meet the maximum rear-facing shoulder marker or 4 years of age. - Can be a minimum of 12 months of age. - Some seats can accommodate 2-4 years of rear-facing. Restraint types: Infant carrier, rear-facing 0-4/0-8 years car seat 
This child is average (aged 3yrs and 10months) and is comfortably rear-facing.
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FORWARD-FACING
Up to 8+ years -Children should stay in an in-built harness for as long as possible and as long as they fit. - Some seats can accommodate 8-10 year olds in a harness. Restraint types: Forward-facing 0-4/0-8 years car seat, forward-facing car seat with in-built harness up to 8 years+*, convertible booster seat with in-built harness 
This child is a small 9 year old in a harness.
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BOOSTER SEAT
Up to 12+ years Children should stay in a booster seat for as long as possible. - Until they outgrow all booster options, some can accommodate children aged 10-12 years. - Until they meet the 5 - Step Test to enter the adult seat. Restraint types: Integrated booster seat, untethered booster, tethered booster seat. 
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NO CAR SEAT
10+ years It is recommended that children stay in a booster until they no longer fit and when they meet the 5 step test. Often children under the age of 12 do not fit the adult car seat. The seat belt is designed for adults and will injure the child if it is not sitting correctly on the child's body. If you are unsure, you can come into Kidsafe ACT for a free 5- Step Test with your child. 
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Cushion boosters, half booster seats and external harnesses are no longer manufactured and are not legal to use in Australia.
COMMON QUESTIONS
When can a child sit in the front seat?
This depends on the age of the child and the type of vehicle. Research has found that the risks of serious injury or death is higher for children child 12 years and under in the front seat compared to the back seat, regardless of the child's restraint type.
https://neura.edu.au/resources/common/Best-Practice-Child-Restraint-Guidelines_202009-FINAL_high-res-2-1.pdf
Cars with 2 or more rows of seats (i.e. sedans):
A wide range of car seats are now available that are designed to accommodate children several years longer than the minimum legal age (eg. car seats that rear-face until 3-4 years of age, when the minimum requirement is 6 months of age). If a child grows out of their current car seat or booster seat before the legal minimum age or safety recommendations, there should be a larger seat on the market to buy or hire. If they do not fit in to any restraint on the market they can be moved to the next stage of restraint (i.e. rear-facing to forward-facing).
Does a child have to be in a car seat in a taxi?
Taxi drivers are exempt from the child restraint laws for children under 7 where a suitable child restraint or booster seat is not available. However, they must not share a seatbelt with another passenger.
Taxis must be fitted with at least one child restraint anchorage point. Passengers can use their own child restraint or booster seat in the taxi.
A child under 7 must not travel in the front seat of a taxi.
Does a child have to be in a car seat in a bus?
A bus that has 13 or more seats including the driver doesn’t need to be fitted with seatbelts and child restraints are not required.
A child restraint or booster seat is required for a minibus (other than a public minibus) that has 12 or less seats including the driver. All passengers must use a properly fitted and suitable child restraint, booster seat or seatbelt.
Does my child have to be in a car seat in a rideshare service (e.g. Uber)?
Rideshare vehicles are not exempt from any of the child restraint laws. You must still use a child restraint as if it is your personal vehicle.
You can request a child restraint when you book your taxi however there is no guarantee that one will be available for you. Where possible take your own restraint.
These laws vary state to state.
When can a child sit in the front seat?
This depends on the age of the child and the type of vehicle.
Cars with 2 or more rows of seats (i.e. sedans):
It is illegal to use a booster seat with a lap-only belt for children under 7 years of age, past this age it is legal but not recommended. If a child is under 7 years of age and in a booster seat they will need to also have an external harness/h-harness. Lap-only belt do not offer the same protection as a lap-sash belt in a crash and Kidsafe ACT recommends that no passenger uses them unless there are no other options.
When can a child sit in the front seat?
This depends on the age of the child and the type of vehicle. Research has found that the risks of serious injury or death is higher for children child 12 years and under in the front seat compared to the back seat, regardless of the child's restraint type.
https://neura.edu.au/resources/common/Best-Practice-Child-Restraint-Guidelines_202009-FINAL_high-res-2-1.pdf
Cars with 2 or more rows of seats (i.e. sedans):
- 0-4 year olds must never sit in the front seat.
- 4-7 year olds must not sit in the front seat unless the back row is taken up by children younger than them. They must also be restrained in an approved, correctly fitted child restraint. This rule also applies if you cannot fit three restraints across the second row of a vehicle.
- 7+ year olds can sit in the front seat however it is recommended that children are at least 12 years of age and meet the 5-step test and the front seat should be moved as far back as possible (to be away from the airbag and dash).
- Rear-facing children must only travel in the front seat if there is no airbag. Rear-facing carriers or car seats must not be used where there is an airbag regardless of the child’s age
- 6 months onwards normal rules apply
A wide range of car seats are now available that are designed to accommodate children several years longer than the minimum legal age (eg. car seats that rear-face until 3-4 years of age, when the minimum requirement is 6 months of age). If a child grows out of their current car seat or booster seat before the legal minimum age or safety recommendations, there should be a larger seat on the market to buy or hire. If they do not fit in to any restraint on the market they can be moved to the next stage of restraint (i.e. rear-facing to forward-facing).
Does a child have to be in a car seat in a taxi?
Taxi drivers are exempt from the child restraint laws for children under 7 where a suitable child restraint or booster seat is not available. However, they must not share a seatbelt with another passenger.
Taxis must be fitted with at least one child restraint anchorage point. Passengers can use their own child restraint or booster seat in the taxi.
A child under 7 must not travel in the front seat of a taxi.
Does a child have to be in a car seat in a bus?
A bus that has 13 or more seats including the driver doesn’t need to be fitted with seatbelts and child restraints are not required.
A child restraint or booster seat is required for a minibus (other than a public minibus) that has 12 or less seats including the driver. All passengers must use a properly fitted and suitable child restraint, booster seat or seatbelt.
Does my child have to be in a car seat in a rideshare service (e.g. Uber)?
Rideshare vehicles are not exempt from any of the child restraint laws. You must still use a child restraint as if it is your personal vehicle.
You can request a child restraint when you book your taxi however there is no guarantee that one will be available for you. Where possible take your own restraint.
These laws vary state to state.
When can a child sit in the front seat?
This depends on the age of the child and the type of vehicle.
Cars with 2 or more rows of seats (i.e. sedans):
- 0-4 year olds must never sit in the front seat.
- 4-7 year olds must not sit in the front seat unless the back row is taken up by children younger than them. They must also be restrained in an approved, correctly fitted child restraint. This rule also applies if you cannot fit three restraints across the second row of a vehicle.
- 7+ year olds can sit in the front seat however it is recommended that children are at least 12 years of age and meet the 5-step test and the front seat should be moved as far back as possible (to be away from the airbag and dash).
- Rear-facing children must only travel in the front seat if there is no airbag. Rear-facing carriers or car seats must not be used where there is an airbag regardless of the child’s age
- 6 months onwards normal rules apply
It is illegal to use a booster seat with a lap-only belt for children under 7 years of age, past this age it is legal but not recommended. If a child is under 7 years of age and in a booster seat they will need to also have an external harness/h-harness. Lap-only belt do not offer the same protection as a lap-sash belt in a crash and Kidsafe ACT recommends that no passenger uses them unless there are no other options.
GLOSSARY
Rear-facing: A Car Seat that is installed so that the child is reclined and facing the back of the car.
Forward-facing: A Car Seat that is installed so that the child is facing the front of the car and that has an in-built harness.
Booster seat: A restraint that is installed so that child is facing the front of the car and is held in by either a lap-sash seatbelt or a seat belt with an external/h-harness.
Restraint: Is the overall word used to cover rear-face and forward-facing car seats as well as booster seats.
Car Seat: Is the overall word used to cover restraints with an in-built harness (rear-facing and forward-facing).
In-built harness: also known as a 5-point or 6-point harness. This refers to a harness that is built into the car seat during manufacture and can not be fitting to the Car Seat after purchase.
External/h-harness: a harness that is not made as part of the seat and is added on to booster seats or used by themselves (no longer manufactured).
Stage: Refers to the four ways children travel in the car: rear-facing, forward-facing, booster seat and in no restraint
Rear-facing: A Car Seat that is installed so that the child is reclined and facing the back of the car.
Forward-facing: A Car Seat that is installed so that the child is facing the front of the car and that has an in-built harness.
Booster seat: A restraint that is installed so that child is facing the front of the car and is held in by either a lap-sash seatbelt or a seat belt with an external/h-harness.
Restraint: Is the overall word used to cover rear-face and forward-facing car seats as well as booster seats.
Car Seat: Is the overall word used to cover restraints with an in-built harness (rear-facing and forward-facing).
In-built harness: also known as a 5-point or 6-point harness. This refers to a harness that is built into the car seat during manufacture and can not be fitting to the Car Seat after purchase.
External/h-harness: a harness that is not made as part of the seat and is added on to booster seats or used by themselves (no longer manufactured).
Stage: Refers to the four ways children travel in the car: rear-facing, forward-facing, booster seat and in no restraint
